Gluten-Free Tuesday: Teff
"You might have eaten teff and not known it."

Injera, the spongy Ethiopian bread, is made of teff flour. [Photograph: Robyn Lee]
When people find out I cannot eat gluten, they often say, "Oh, I'm so sorry."
(Not me.)
And the next utterance? "Um, does that mean you are on the Atkins diet?"
Nope. Not even close. Can I eat rice? Yes. Corn? Oh yeah to tortillas. Potatoes? I don't know what I would do without potatoes.
I am not on a low-carb diet. In fact, now that I live gluten-free, I eat more whole grains than ever before. Did you know that many Americans do not eat a single whole grain in a year? Not one. Think about it. How many people grab a toaster waffle for breakfast, a sandwich on white bread for lunch, take-out tacos for dinner? There's a lot of processed wheat in those on-the-run days but not many whole grains.
If I had not been forced to go gluten-free because of my celiac diagnosis, I don't know that I would have ever eaten teff.
Teff is the staple grain of Ethiopia where it has been growing for thousands of years. Because it's labor-intensive to grow and harvest, the grain stayed in the hands of men and women who grew it, rather than being traded to other countries. It took a civil war for the rest of us to find it.
The military junta in charge of Ethiopia after the death of Haile Selassie demanded that farmers stop growing teff and start growing wheat, in order to make money in exports for the economy depleted by war. An American aid worker from Idaho named Wayne Carlson fell in love with the grain and the food made from it after working in Ethiopia in the 1970s. He asked the farmers to share their growing secrets with him. When he left the country, he came home with teff seeds in his suitcase. (Surely the TSA wasn't searching for those.) Carlson began growing teff in Caldwell, Idaho, which has similar growing conditions to the high hills in Ethiopia.
Today, every ounce of teff eaten in the U.S. comes from the seeds Wayne Carlson smuggled back from Ethiopia, and most of it sold through his Teff Company. (I love a food story with rebellion and smuggling involved.)
You might have eaten teff and not known it. Have you ever been to an Ethiopian restaurant with friends? That dark brown, spongy-as-a-yoga-mat flatbread in the middle of the platter surrounded by yellow lentils, sautéed greens, and a big pile of meat? That's injera, a slightly sour flatbread typically made with teff flour. Most U.S. restaurants mix teff flour with wheat flour because the water is different enough (compared to water in Ethiopia) that the injera never comes out quite right. [Gluten-free eaters, be aware of this before you order that veggie combo.] Injera--kind of like a giant crepe, kind of like a dosa--is the center of that table. Everything combines in flavor with the teff bread.
But for most of us, our brief connection with teff ends there. An alluring and exotic meal, a sourdough taste at the back of the mouth, a good memory. Me?
I use teff in nearly everything I bake.
The teff grain is so tiny, it takes three thousand grains to weigh one gram. Can you imagine how fine a flour that makes? If you've ever tried a packaged gluten-free cookie, you know that most of them have the heft of the brick you keep behind the door in case an intruder breaks in. Not much lightness there. However, in combination with other flours, teff can make a lovely bread, a tender pie crust, and crisp little banana pancakes. I throw teff flour into muffins and quick breads. Because the flour is so fine, it almost turns gelatinous when heated, binding the other ingredients together. It's a sort of substitute for gluten that way. I'm convinced that banana bread is actually better gluten-free (with teff) than with wheat flour.
But you don't have to combine gluten-free flours to get some whole grains. Why not try some teff porridge? Each tiny grain of teff contains both the bran and germ, where all the nutrients live. Teff is full of protein and calcium, as well as iron. (One cup of cooked teff contains all the daily iron recommended by the USDA.) Think of the prowess of Ethiopian long-distance runners in world running events--they all grew up eating teff.
And the taste of that porridge? Satisfying and unexpected, something like dark chocolate, a hint of maple syrup. Now, I can't imagine living without it. Once, I did not know it existed.
Teff Porridge
- serves 4 -
1/4 teaspoon kosher salt
1/2 cup whole grain teff
1/4 teaspoon ground cardamom
1/4 teaspoon cinnamon
1 tablespoon unsalted butter
2 tablespoons maple syrup
1. Bring 1 1/2 cups of water to boil, with the salt. Pour in the teff as well as the cardamom, cinnamon, butter, and maple syrup. Stir vigorously, at first.
2. Turn the heat down to medium and let the porridge simmer until it has thickened, about 10 minutes. Stir occasionally to avoid sticking or burning.
3. When the porridge has turned tender without being mushy and reached the thick consistency you wish, pull it off the heat.
4. Eat.
About the author: Shauna James Ahern AKA Gluten-Free Girl writes one of the most popular gluten-free cooking blogs out there, and has a book of the same name.
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34 Comments:
i have had injera as well. Its got a sour taste, which is definitely an acquired taste, but I don't mind it. It's also very filling. I think of it like an edible spongy towel :)
gargupie at 9:24PM on 09/08/09
Just wanted to say I'm so glad we now have a GF feature on SE!! And to be written by Shauna - wow! Extra awesome. Thanks SE team.
thinkingincrayons at 9:33PM on 09/08/09
Wow! How funny and timely... I've been doing a lot of thinking about teff and injera lately. Eager to try it! Any good injera recipes?
Elizabelle at 9:57PM on 09/08/09
30 percent of american's eat NO whole grains in a year, NONE?
I'm VERY skeptical of that scare statistic because POPCORN is a whole grain. Same with oatmeal.
peekpoke at 10:01PM on 09/08/09
Thanks for sharing the links to the bread and other recipes. I don't have any whole teff, so the porridge will have to wait, but I'm kind of excited to try the bread.
grumblekitty at 10:05PM on 09/08/09
I had injera and it is really filling. I didn't like the taste and texture - won't eat it again.
QueenAlli at 11:08PM on 09/08/09
Interesting and informative post. I'd never heard of Teff but you've convinced me to try it.
FoodieReflections at 11:30PM on 09/08/09
It's about time we recognize that wheat is not the only grain. Gluten-free sounds so healthy and delicious! And Shauna is such a great writer. Good for you SE for caring so much for your readers.
allie at 12:04AM on 09/09/09
All the injera that I have had tasted like baking soda to me. Every venue. I avoid it now, which is terrible for me because I love all the other aspects of Ethiopian food in the restaurants I have been to. The meat dishes and veg are great, the injera just puts me off.
BelleOCosity at 1:53AM on 09/09/09
Whoa! There's a lot of injera-hate going on so far. I've not had the 'real thing' (i.e. made by someone who knows what they're doing), but I've had a go at making it myself, and it went down well with the family.
I've also used Teff in bread - both plain and banana, pancakes (I get 'good mummy' points when I make them for breakfast) and cakes. It works v well.
MrsNiddyNoddy at 3:14AM on 09/09/09
I had injera years ago in an Ethiopian restaurant and it was ok. Worth trying again.
I too am interested in where you came up with the 30% number in regards to people who never eat whole grains. I'm sure there are some people who eat only refined wheat, rice, oats, etc., but 30% sounds exaggerated. Could you link to the study or survey, please? Thanks!
Karlynne at 7:32AM on 09/09/09
I *adore* injera, but the taste/texture depends on the restaurant. Almaz in DC makes my favorite.
I have played with whole teff once or twice, but haven't fallen in love with it. I tried to make teff polenta once, it was okay. I still have a lot left, so I'd love more ideas. I'll have to make this gf banana bread.
KarynMC at 8:18AM on 09/09/09
i also have a total love affair with injera and ethiopian food in general. how awesome that it is gluten-free! i love experimenting with different grains as i have to rotate foods (to prevent developing new allergies). i need to find some teff! great article.
ellenp7 at 8:33AM on 09/09/09
I'm surprised that so many people dislike injera. I love injera - it's definitely one of the best parts of Ethiopian cuisine. I love the fluffy texture, the very slightly sour taste (I like sourdough bread, too, so maybe that helps), and how pliable it is - perfect for using to pick up meats and vegetables!
Junie at 9:19AM on 09/09/09
I was once lucky enough to live next door to Ethiopian immigrants and was invited to teach them about the joys of pizza. In return, I learned the joys of Doro Wat and injera. I have been able to recreate Doro Wat, even learned how to make berbere (the spice). Alas, I have been unable to recreate the lushious injera. I would love to be able to buy a bag of teff with a recipe for injera on the side of that bag. Have my prayers been answered?
zilli at 9:52AM on 09/09/09
I have a bag of teff at home and was wondering if it could substitute for bulgur in tabouli? Guess I'll just have to try it and find out. I would love to see more teff flour recipes! I've never quite figured out what to do with it.
Knitter at 9:54AM on 09/09/09
Learn something new every day! Thanks for the info on teff!
madfishgrill at 10:43AM on 09/09/09
Thank you, Shauna...
I am going to try that Banana Bread recipe immediately, if not sooner! LOL!
I can't tell you how happy I am to have this column on Serious Eats!
Brownie at 11:47AM on 09/09/09
30% is plausible. The author is stating this is only for whole grains. In my younger years, I probably went quite some time without eating a single whole grain. I ate alot of processed wheat in white bread, etc. But whole grain? It's possible that I didn't eat any.
RossS at 2:11PM on 09/09/09
I make injera all the time for the Ethiopian kids that live next door. I have done tons of research on it and I have even made injera out of 100% teff (have to say that it would have to be an acquired taste that *I* didn't acquire). Teff is very expensive and they are not even making 100% teff injera in Ethiopia. The places here are using 1 C teff to 1/2 C whole wheat to 1/2 C self rising flour.
Janis at 4:07PM on 09/09/09
I wonder if there's a totally gluten-free recipe for injera out there? There are a few Ethiopian restaurants in my area, but after inquiring at a African grocery about injera, the clerk there assured me that most of those restaurants will use wheat flour as well. Would love to try it at home! Until then, there's teff banana bread! Thanks so much Shauna!
tastyeatsathome at 4:08PM on 09/09/09
RossS, popcorn and oatmeal are both considered whole grains. Corn tortilla chips are whole grain. Granola and granola bars contain whole grains. I can imagine that there are people who eat only white bread and white rice, but I just don't believe that 30% of Americans go an entire year without eating popcorn, oatmeal, granola, granola bars, or tortilla chips (to name just a few popular foods that are whole grain).
Hoping the author will pop in with a link to her source if I'm wrong about this.
Karlynne at 6:22PM on 09/09/09
For those of you looking for a gluten-free version of the wheat injera--I have had good luck making all kinds of things with Bob's Red Mill All Purpose Gluten Free flour mix, with a small amount of xanthan gum. I haven't made injera yet--the fermenting time is a bit intimidating to me, but now that I've thought about Bob's gf flour, I might work up the nerve sooner!
grumblekitty at 9:56PM on 09/09/09
LOVE that there is a GF section on SE now! Shauna changed my life and attitude towards living gluten free! Love Teff now too! Oh and she also gave me the cornbread recipe that changed my life! :)
kellysweazea at 2:14AM on 09/10/09
I love eating ethopian food and injera's very filling and it abosrbs the flavor of whatever its served on, so the best injera is whaever is under the delicious ethopian food!
missjess at 10:57AM on 09/10/09
Does anyone know where, other than online, one can buy teff flour? The link shauna provided allows you to buy like 4 lbs for 20 bucks, which seems expensive.
justin h at 2:33PM on 09/10/09
Teff flour *is* pretty pricey, but you can buy a smaller amount. I've seen it at food co-ops, local all-organic stores and Whole Foods.
KarynMC at 9:47AM on 09/11/09
Would anyone have an idea where to purchase whole-grain teff, other than online? I went to my local Whole Foods, but they only stock teff flour.
avaryne at 9:39AM on 09/14/09
Never heard of it til now , thanks! I love sour dough bread and the sourer the betterer. So I'm sure I'll like Teff as I like most new cuisines and flavors. Now I have to try it.
butterfingers at 5:40PM on 09/18/09
Shauna, do you ever return to your posts to answer questions? Just wondering. Sometimes it can be interesting to get a discussion going but that's hard to do without input from the author of the post.
Karlynne at 4:36PM on 09/22/09
Hey Karlynne, I do normally return to answer questions. Life has been too full these past few weeks, because we're doing the final edits for our cookbook. No time for much of anything else! But now I'm here, so....
Avaryne, you asked where to find whole-grain teff? Here in the Seattle areas, it's available at PCC stores, as well as Whole Foods. Our local health food store carries it in bulk! So co-ops and "crunchy" places, where you'd find other unusual grains, tend to be your best bet.
(Those of you who are gluten-free, be careful with bulk bins, however, for the cross-contamination problems. The bins that are separate units, where the food comes spilling out of the shoot, rather than an individual scooping it, is a better bet.)
Knitter, teff and bulgur have entirely different textures and consistencies, so I'm afraid this wouldn't be a good substitute.
The few of you who didn't like injera or the taste of teff? Well, to each his own, of course! But I'd encourage you to try again. It's a new taste. And teff flour, added into quick breads or pancakes in small portions, can really add an interesting texture.
Are there any injera recipes that are wholly teff? I've seen them, even though I haven't tried making them yet. And I've also seen recipes that use millet or buckwheat flour plus club soda to mimic the texture. As I wrote, I've been told that it's the water that makes the difference, although I haven't found out exactly what the water should be like! Of course, if you are gluten-free, you can use other flours to substitute for the wheat flour in the recipes that use both injera and wheat.
As far as those of you who doubted the 30% number? I'm going to go back and edit. I read that statistic a few years ago, when first doing research for my book, on some literature from the Whole Grains Council. But since I can't find my original source, I'll back off on that statistic. However, if you think about it, there really are many, many people who go without eating whole grains. Frankly, my husband was one of them when I met him! Peekpoke, many people don't eat oatmeal at all. It's hard to think of movie theater popcorn as a whole grain. And many people really do go weeks or months without eating grains that haven't been pummeled and processed. Most of the rice eaten is white, the oatmeal is instant and comes in a packet, and granola bars contain white flour too. It's getting better. But still, many people don't eat real grains.
glutenfreegirl at 5:16PM on 09/22/09
Good to see you back. I'm sorry if I am coming off nit-picky here, but there just seems to be a trend in reporting to use information that isn't quite factual to make a point. I'm seeing it from the most small time blogger up to major news outlets. It's disheartening.
I have thought about this 30% number, and yes, there are many people who go without eating whole grains. But to say that 30% of all Americans don't eat any whole grains in a given year is just implausible at best. Whether you like it or not, popcorn is a whole grain. You eat the entire kernel, even if it's Jiffy Pop or sold in tins with caramel coating on it. White flour in a granola bar doesn't nullify the oatmeal in it, and instant oatmeal is still whole grain, even if it's more processed than non-instant oatmeal.
I enjoy reading your blog, Shauna. You provide a lot of good information and some good recipes for the gluten-intolerant community. I don't think you need to resort to hyperbole to make a point.
Karlynne at 12:34PM on 09/23/09
Karlynne,
I see your point. However, I do want to make clear that I was not using hyperbole to make a point. Three years ago, I had that statistic in my hand, from a reliable source. I edited because I could no longer find that statistic. But the original point still stands.
glutenfreegirl at 12:42PM on 09/23/09
Hi Shauna, there is a lot more chlorine in our water. Chlorine is a known inhibitor for fermentation. Dechlorinated water works much better - set the water out on a counter overnight and by morning it should be dechlorinated.
I finally found teff in my neck of the woods but it's the whole grain and not teff flour. I want to make injera but I do not have a flour mill so I am rather stumped.
Manisha at 12:41AM on 01/22/10